Из чего состоит токарный станок по металлу: основные узлы и назначение, фото, видео

устройство, назначение и технические характеристики

Токарно-винторезные станки имеют похожие конструкции и схожие принципы работы вне зависимости от модели и серии выпуска.

Основная функция данного оборудования – выполнять операции точения, сверления, обработка торцов, нарезание резьбы.

Обрабатывать могут металлические и неметаллические изделия. Поэтому токарно-винторезные станки пользуются популярность на производстве с небольшим размером выпускаемых серий продукции.

Назначение и область применения универсального станка по металлу

Детали, обрабатываемые универсальными токарно-винторезными станками, в основном изготовлены из черных и цветных металлов.

Точение конусов ин нарезание резьбы – дополнительные функции станка. Если в комплекте идут дополнительные инструменты и сверла, то функциональные возможности станка еще больше.

Поскольку данные станки имеют большие габариты и внушительный вес, их редко можно встретить в частных мастерских. Сферы применения:

• производство мелких серий продукции;
• единичный выпуск и обработка деталей;
• в редких случаях – массовое производство.

Но в промышленных масштабах токарно-винторезные станки используются редко.

Основные конструктивные особенности

Универсальный токарно-винторезный станок состоит из основных конструктивных узлов, которые являются типовыми элементами. К ним относятся:

• суппорт;
• станина;
• упорная и шпиндельная бабки;
• электрическое оборудование;
• ходовой вал;
• гитары шестерен;
• коробка, которая обеспечивает выбор и смену подач;
• ходовой винт – именно эта деталь отличает токарно-винторезный от стандартного токарного станка.

В зависимости от некоторых особенностей может различаться точность станка. Поэтому универсальное оборудование может быть как класса точности Н, так и повышенного – П.

Передние и задние бабки

У передней или шпиндельной бабки есть основная роль – фиксировать заготовку в обработке и передавать вращение заготовке от электрического двигателя.

Внутри корпусной части бабки расположен шпиндель. На корпусе станка снаружи монтируется рукоятка регулировки скорости. Задняя бабка или упорная необходима для фиксации заготовки.

Суппорт

Суппорт предназначен для того, чтобы перемещать резцедержатель с резцом в продольном, поперечном направлении по отношению к оси станка. Нижняя часть суппорта именуется салазками или кареткой.

Спустя определенное время работы станка суппорт будет нуждаться в регулировке, поскольку, в противном случае снизится скорость обработки. Регулировка от зазоров заключается в подтягивании клиновой планки. 

По сравнению с другими деталями суппорт имеет большие размеры. Выбор резцедержателя определяется классом станка. Для крупногабаритного оборудования обязательно закреплять резцы дополнительно четырьмя винтами.

Коробка скоростей

Это основная часть привода шпинделя. Она осуществляет передачу энергии двигателя остальным частям станка. Еще одна функция – изменение частоты вращения шпинделя и скорости работы всего станка.

Коробка встраивается в корпус бабки шпинделя или в отдельном корпусном блоке. Изменение скорости может происходить бесступенчатым или ступенчатым способом. В стандартную коробку передач входят следующие составляющие:

• система зубчатых передач;
• клиноременная передача;
• реверсивный электродвигатель;
• электромагнитная муфта с системой торможения;
• рукоять для переключения скоростей.

Работает коробка скоростей за счет шестерен.

Шпиндель

Это основная часть станка, которая сделана в виде вала с конусным отверстием для закрепления заготовок. Чтобы деталь имела высокую прочность и долговечность, ее изготавливают из высокопрочной стали.

В классическом варианте шпиндель сделан на высокоточных подшипниках качения. На опоре детали установлено специальное кольцо, которое обеспечивает точность работы станка.

На торце конструкции расположено коническое отверстие. Полость шпинделю необходима, чтобы установить пруток, помогающий при необходимости выбивать центр из посадочного места.

Непосредственно прочность и долговечность шпинделя зависит от имеющихся там подшипников.

Станина

Это основная часть станка, которая выполнена с помощью чугунного литья. К ней прикреплены все наиболее важные детали и элементы данной конструкции.

Сама станина состоит из двух стальных балок. Балки, в свою очередь, соединены между собой ребрами жесткости. У каждой из балок – соединение к двум направляющим.

Направляющие с обоих сторон относятся к призматической группе. Направляющая плоской формы расположена внутри с левой стороны.

Нарезание резьбы

Нарезать резьбу при помощи токарно-винторезного станка можно несколькими способами. Для этого используется плашка, метчик, резец и другие виды инструмента.

С их помощью есть возможность нарезать внутреннюю и внешнюю резьбу. При использовании резца важно соблюдать полностью технологию. Она включает:

• правильную заточку резца;
• аккуратную настройку режимов работы станка;
• при помощи шаблона правильная установка резца по центру детали;
• замер полученных размеров калибрами или шаблонами.

В такой работе недопустим брак в виде заострений, рваных нитей, задир и дробления.

Электрический блок управления

В стандартный блок управления токарно-винторезным станком входит сразу несколько рукояток и кнопок:

• рукоятка для настройки количества оборотов;
• система управления для установки параметров резцовой поверхности;
• рукоятки для управления суппортом.

Станок с ЧСПУ обладает более сложным устройством, но при этом может работать без участия оператора на промежуточных этапах.

Фартук

В фартуке токарно-винторезного станка расположены механизмы, которые преобразуют вращательное движение ходового винта и ходового вала в поступательное движение суппорта.

Методы классификации

токарно-винторезные станки разделяют на несколько типов. Есть несколько наиболее популярных признаков, по которым классифицируют станки данного типа.

Масса

Существуют небольшие станки, которые удобно использовать в личной мастерской или большие, по массе предназначенные для промышленного производства.

Крупные и тяжелые токарные устройства предназначены в основном для применения в машиностроении и энергетике. Тяжелые станки – выше 40 тонн по массе.

Наиболее легкие весят не больше полутоны. У каждого типа по массе есть свои особенности:

1. Легкие. Как правило, диаметр поперечного сечения в таком оборудовании не составляет больше 500 мм.
2. Станки с весом до 15 тонн считаются средними и на них не обрабатывают детали с диметром больше 1250 мм.
3. 15-400 тонн. Редко встречается с высокими показателями точности. Обычно это оборудование класса Н.

Максимальная длина детали

Этот параметр определяется расстоянием между центрами станка. При равном диаметре выпускаемых изделий есть станки, способные обрабатывать длинные и короткие заготовки.

Максимальный диаметр

По максимальному диаметру имеется самая обширная классификация деталей. Они начинаются от 100 мм и вплоть до 4000 мм. Помимо вышеперечисленных показателей, часто для классификации используют такой параметр, как производительность.

Имеются станки для мелкосерийного производства, для средней серии и для крупных промышленных масштабов. Последний вариант используется на конвейерных линиях.

Какие операции можно производить на устройстве

К основным процессам, которые можно сделать при помощи токарно-винторезного станка:

• выполнение сверления и зенкерования;
• расточка отверстий;
• расточка и обтачивание поверхностей с самой разной конфигурацией: конические, цилиндрические, фасонные;
• подрезка и обработка торцов;
• нарезание резьбы разных типов.

Полный набор возможных работ зависит напрямую от количества и разнообразия дополнительных инструментов.

Основные технические характеристики

У токарно-винторезного станка есть ряд технических характеристик, на которые стоит ориентироваться при выборе станка как на производство, так и для личной небольшой мастерской.

Количество оборотов

Количество оборотов может отличаться в зависимости от размеров и предназначения токарного станка, но максимальное количество оборотов – 2000 в мин.

Большие обороты предназначены для тонких отверстий в маленьких деталях. Для личных целей в небольшой мастерской достаточно станка, который работает на скорости 1000 об/мин.

Класс точности

Существует несколько классов по точности станков. Для обработки мелких деталей и в промышленных масштабах используются станки повышенной точности с пометкой П.

Для бытовых условий достаточно станков с нормальным уровнем точности, которые имеют пометку Н. Есть особые классы точности, которые используются только на очень крупных производствах. Это обозначено буквами В, С.

Число передач

Всего в станке 24 скорости. При этом 12 из них переключаются с помощью автоматики, а остальные 12 – вручную посредством шестеренок.

Размеры обрабатываемой детали

Диаметр обрабатываемых деталей очень широк и может лежать в пределах от 0.5 см до 10 см при этом по техническим характеристикам длина обрабатываемой заготовки может быть от 2.5 метров до 12.5 м.

Вес и габаритные размеры

Размеры токарных станков сильно отличаются. В зависимости от комплектации и модели вес может достигать 400 тонн. Но настольные, домашние модели обычно не превышают по весу 3–4 тонны. Габаритные размеры также могут отличаться, например, для станка 1К62 они равны 2812/3200х1166х1324 мм.

Величина подачи и максимального перемещения по оси

Также зависит от конкретной модели и указывается в паспорте оборудования. У станка 1К62 максимальное перемещение пиноли 20 см.

Применение ЧПУ

Современные токарные станки, особенно иностранного производства, имеют числовое управление. Это позволяет добиться высокой точности обработки.

Особенностями таких станков являются следующие нюансы:

1. Все подвижные органы станка управляются мини блоком управления. Станок имеет сложную электрическую схему.
2. Все параметры станка с ЧПУ точно соответствуют ГОСТу и также расписаны в паспорте оборудования. Здесь указаны показатели точности, габариты, скорость.
3. Станки такого рода могут работать в домашних условиях, поскольку имеют небольшой размер, но при этом выдерживают поразительно высокие для своих габаритов нагрузки.
4. Оборудование имеет индикацию, а также табло для ввода информации.
5. Настольные станки с ЧПУ используются для высокоточной обработки небольших деталей. При этом у домашнего производства получается высокий показатель рентабельности.

Важно!

Большинство таких станков производят за границей, а потому они не соответствуют Российскому ГОСТу.

Обзор и схемы распространенных моделей

Среди разнообразного модельного ряда и нескольких поколений станков, которые выпускаются нашим производством, есть несколько моделей, которые продолжают пользоваться популярностью по своим техническим характеристикам и универсальным свойствам.

Все они используются на производстве или в бытовых условиях по сей день. При этом продолжают быть достойными конкурентами иностранным аналогам.

Это надежные, прочные и долговечные устройства, способные выполнять огромное количество самых разнообразных функций.

1Л532

Один из наиболее популярных на территории бывшего СССР станок, на котором успешно можно выполнять обработку заготовок средних и больших размеров.

В свое время данное оборудование успешно экспортировалось во многие страны мира. Класс точности – Н. Масса станка – 43 тонны.

16У04П

Оборудование повышенной точности. Наибольший диаметр детали, обрабатываемой над станиной – 200 мм. Масса станка – 750 кг.

1П611

Станок, использующийся на производстве, в том числе и для обточки колес ЖД транспорта. По ГОСТу отличаются повышенной точностью и имеет возможность торможения шпинделя. Вес устройства 560 кг. Легко выполняет следующие функции:

1. Сверление.
2. Отрезка.
3. Нарезание резьбы внутренней и наружной.
4. Обработка различных поверхностей.

Наибольший диаметр заготовки над станиной – 250 мм.

1Д601

Этот станок лучше подходит для чисто бытового использования. Точность меньшая, чем у предыдущего станка. Отличается высокими показателями работы даже спустя много лет функционирования.

Перемещение суппорта, возможно только вручную. Масса всего станка около 30 кг. В связи, с небольшими габаритами максимальная длина обрабатываемой заготовки – 18 см.

16К40

Одна из наиболее популярных моделей, которая реально завоевала популярность среди мастеров. Относится к среднему классу оборудования с классом точности Н.

Начиная с 1932 года в СССР выпущено несколько десятков тысяч самых разных токарно-винторезных станков. Они использовались не только на производстве, но и для обучения молодежи, в школах, училищах, да и у многих настольные станки были в гаражах, домах, собственных мастерских.

Такое оборудование поможет расточить отверстие, подровнять необходимую поверхность, просверлить уже имеющееся отверстие. Важно, ориентируясь на начальные паспортные характеристики оборудования приобрести наиболее подходящую модель.

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The bits, positioned and controlled by the carriage mechanism, are automatically set against the rotating material to begin cutting. The rotating stock is suspended inside the bed and may be moved back and forth by the feedscrew and leadscrew as the machining bits are engaged, disengaged and repositioned by the cross slide and the compound rest. 90003 90007 High-volume, high-speed CNC metal lathes are often used in manufacturing facilities.90002 With the advent of plastics and alloys, the metal lathe must be much more versatile than it was at its inception in the early 19th century. Henry Maudsley is generally credited as the inventor of the modern metal lathe, 90003 90002 Want to automatically save time and money month? Take a 2-minute quiz to find out how you can start saving up to $ 257 / month.90003 90002 There are today, many types and variations of the metal lathe, each designed for a particular function and / or tolerance. Some of the more common types of lathes are: the center lathe which is the simplest of lathes as well as the largest; the bench lathe that is usually small enough to be mounted on a workbench; the turret lathe which allows multiple bits to be simultaneously engaged. Other less versatile lathes that are used for more specialized operations include the engine lathe, the tool room lathe, the capstan lathe and the multi-spindle lathe 90003 90002 Computer technology has given the metal lathe a huge range of versatility, economy and ease of operation.The CNC lathe, a computer-operated machine, allows an operator to simply program a particular function of the machining process. With the press of a button, the CNC lathe will automatically set the proper speed of the spindle rotation and engage the designated number of machining bits at precisely the right angle and depth. Today, the CNC lathe is the most commonly used metal lathe. 90003 .90000 Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 90001 90002 Some chemical elements are called 90003 metals 90004. They are the majority of elements in the periodic table. These elements usually have the following properties: 90005 90006 90007 They can conduct electricity and heat. 90008 90007 They can be formed easily. 90008 90007 They have a shiny appearance. 90008 90007 They have a high melting point. 90008 90015 90002 Most metals are solid at room temperature, but this does not have to be the case.Mercury is liquid. Alloys are mixtures, where at least one part of the mixture is a metal. Examples of metals are aluminium, copper, iron, tin, gold, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc. Well-known alloys include bronze and steel. 90005 90002 The study of metals is called metallurgy. 90005 90020 The ways that metals are alike (properties of metals) [change | change source] 90021 90002 Most metals are hard, shiny, they feel heavy and they melt only when they are heated at very high temperatures.Lumps of metal will make a bell-like sound when they are hit with something heavy (they are sonorous). Heat and electricity can easily pass through a metal (it is conductive). A lump of metal can be beaten into a thin sheet (it is malleable) or can be pulled into thin wires (it is ductile). Metal is hard to pull apart (it has a high tensile strength) or smash (it has a high compressive strength). If you push on a long, thin piece of metal, it will bend, not break (it is elastic). Except for cesium, copper, and gold, metals have a neutral, silvery color.90005 90002 Not all metals have these properties. Mercury, for instance, is liquid at room temperature, Lead, is very soft, and heat and electricity do not pass through iron as well as they do through copper. 90005 90026 A bridge in Russia made of metal, probably iron or steel. 90002 Metals are very useful to people. They are used to make tools because they can be strong and easy to shape. Iron and steel have been used to make bridges, buildings, or ships. 90005 90002 Some metals are used to make items like coins because they are hard and will not wear away quickly.For example, copper (which is shiny and red in color), aluminium (which is shiny and white), gold (which is yellow and shiny), and silver and nickel (also white and shiny). 90005 90002 Some metals, like steel, can be made sharp and stay sharp, so they can be used to make knives, axes or razors. 90005 90002 Rare metals with high value, like gold, silver and platinum are often used to make jewellery. Metals are also used to make fasteners and screws. Pots used for cooking can be made from copper, aluminium, steel or iron.Lead is very heavy and dense and can be used as ballast in boats to stop them from turning over, or to protect people from ionizing radiation. 90005 90002 Many things that are made of metals may, in fact, be made of mixtures of at least one metal with either other metals, or with non-metals. These mixtures are called alloys. Some common alloys are: 90005 90002 People first began making things from metal over 9000 years ago, when they discovered how to get copper from its [] ore. They then learned how to make a harder alloy, bronze, by adding tin to the copper.About 3000 years ago, they discovered iron. By adding small amounts of carbon to iron, they found that they could make a particularly useful alloy – steel. 90005 90002 In chemistry, metal is a word for a group of chemical elements that have certain properties. It is easy for the atoms of a metal to lose an electron and become positive ions, or cations. In this way, metals are not like the other two kinds of elements – the nonmetals and the metalloids. Most elements on the periodic table are metals.90005 90002 On the periodic table, we can draw a zigzag line from the element boron (symbol B) to the element polonium (symbol Po). The elements that this line passes through are the metalloids. The elements that are above and to the right of this line are the nonmetals. The rest of the elements are the metals. 90005 90002 Most of the properties of metals are due to the fact that the atoms in the metal do not hold onto their electrons very tightly. Each atom is separated from the others by a thin layer of valence electrons.90005 90002 However, some metals are different. An example is the metal sodium. It is soft, melts at a low temperature, and is so light, it floats on water. People should not try this though, because another property of sodium is that it explodes when it touches water. 90005 90002 Most metals are chemically stable, and do not react easily but some do react. The reactive ones are the alkali metals like sodium (symbol Na) and the alkaline earth metals like calcium (symbol Ca). When metals do react, they often react with oxygen.The oxides of metals are basic. The oxides of nonmetals are acidic. 90005 90002 Compounds, which have metal atoms combined with other atoms to make molecules, are probably the most common substances on Earth. For example, common salt is a compound of sodium. 90005 90051 A lump of pure copper found as native copper 90002 The use of metals is said to be the thing that makes people different from animals. Before they used metals, people made tools from stones, wood, and animal bones. This is now called the Stone Age.90005 90002 No-one knows when the first metal was found and used. It was probably what is called native copper, which is sometimes found in large lumps on the ground. People learned to make this into copper tools and other things, although, for a metal, it is quite soft. They learned smelting to get copper from common ores. When copper was melted over fire, people learned how to make an alloy called bronze, which is much harder and stronger than copper. People made knives and weapons from bronze.This time in human history, after about 3300 BC is often called the Bronze Age, that is, the time of bronze tools and weapons. 90005 90002 Around the year 1200 BC some people learned to make iron tools and weapons. These were even harder and stronger than bronze and this was an advantage in war. The time of iron tools and weapons is now called the Iron Age . Metals have been very important in human history and civilization. Iron and steel were important in the making of machines. Gold and silver were used as money in order to allow people to trade, that is, exchange goods and services over long distances.90005 90002 In astronomy, a metal is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This is because these two elements (and sometimes lithium) are the only ones that form outside stars. In the sky, a spectrometer can see the signs of metals and show the astronomer the metals in a star. 90005 .90000 steel | Composition, Properties, Types, Grades, & Facts 90001 90002 The base metal: iron 90003 90004 Study the production and structural forms of iron from ferrite and austenite to the alloy steel 90005 Iron ore is one of the most abundant elements on Earth, and one of its primary uses is in the production of steel. When combined with carbon, iron changes character completely and becomes the alloy steel. 90006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90007 See all videos for this article 90008 The major component of steel is iron, a metal that in its pure state is not much harder than copper.Omitting very extreme cases, iron in its solid state is, like all other metals, polycrystalline-that is, it consists of many crystals that join one another on their boundaries. A crystal is a well-ordered arrangement of atoms that can best be pictured as spheres touching one another. They are ordered in planes, called lattices, which penetrate one another in specific ways. For iron, the lattice arrangement can best be visualized by a unit cube with eight iron atoms at its corners. Important for the uniqueness of steel is the allotropy of iron-that is, its existence in two crystalline forms.In the body-centred cubic (bcc) arrangement, there is an additional iron atom in the centre of each cube. In the face-centred cubic (fcc) arrangement, there is one additional iron atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the unit cube. It is significant that the sides of the face-centred cube, or the distances between neighbouring lattices in the fcc arrangement, are about 25 percent larger than in the bcc arrangement; this means that there is more space in the fcc than in the bcc structure to keep foreign (90009 i.e., 90010 alloying) atoms in solid solution. 90011 90008 Iron has its bcc allotropy below 912 ° C (1,674 ° F) and from 1,394 ° C (2,541 ° F) up to its melting point of 1,538 ° C (2,800 ° F). Referred to as ferrite, iron in its bcc formation is also called alpha iron in the lower temperature range and delta iron in the higher temperature zone. Between 912 ° and 1,394 ° C iron is in its fcc order, which is called austenite or gamma iron. The allotropic behaviour of iron is retained with few exceptions in steel, even when the alloy contains considerable amounts of other elements.90011 90008 There is also the term beta iron, which refers not to mechanical properties but rather to the strong magnetic characteristics of iron. Below 770 ° C (1,420 ° F), iron is ferromagnetic; the temperature above which it loses this property is often called the Curie point. 90011 Get exclusive access to content from our тисяча сімсот шістьдесят вісім First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today 90008 In its pure form, iron is soft and generally not useful as an engineering material; the principal method of strengthening it and converting it into steel is by adding small amounts of carbon.In solid steel, carbon is generally found in two forms. Either it is in solid solution in austenite and ferrite or it is found as a carbide. The carbide form can be iron carbide (Fe 90017 3 90018 C, known as cementite), or it can be a carbide of an alloying element such as titanium. (On the other hand, in gray iron, carbon appears as flakes or clusters of graphite, owing to the presence of silicon, which suppresses carbide formation.) 90011 90008 The effects of carbon are best illustrated by an iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.The A-B-C line represents the liquidus points (90009 i.e., 90010 the temperatures at which molten iron begins to solidify), and the H-J-E-C line represents the solidus points (at which solidification is completed). The A-B-C line indicates that solidification temperatures decrease as the carbon content of an iron melt is increased. (This explains why gray iron, which contains more than 2 percent carbon, is processed at much lower temperatures than steel.) Molten steel containing, for example, a carbon content of 0.77 percent (shown by the vertical dashed line in the figure) begins to solidify at about 1,475 ° C (2,660 ° F) and is completely solid at about 1,400 ° C (2,550 ° F). From this point down, the iron crystals are all in an austenitic- 90009 i.e., 90010 fcc-arrangement and contain all of the carbon in solid solution. Cooling further, a dramatic change takes place at about 727 ° C (1,341 ° F) when the austenite crystals transform into a fine lamellar structure consisting of alternating platelets of ferrite and iron carbide.This microstructure is called pearlite, and the change is called the eutectoidic transformation. Pearlite has a diamond pyramid hardness (DPH) of approximately 200 kilograms-force per square millimetre (285,000 pounds per square inch), compared with a DPH of 70 kilograms-force per square millimetre for pure iron. Cooling steel with a lower carbon content (90009 e.g., 90010 0.25 percent) results in a microstructure containing about 50 percent pearlite and 50 percent ferrite; this is softer than pearlite, with a DPH of about 130.Steel with more than 0.77 percent carbon-for instance, 1.05 percent-contains in its microstructure pearlite and cementite; it is harder than pearlite and may have a DPH of 250. 90011 Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. 90006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90007.90000 definition of lathe metal and synonyms of lathe metal (English) 90001 90002 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 90003 Center lathe with DRO and chuck guard. Size is 460 mm swing x 1000 mm between centers 90004 90005 90006 90007 This article 90008 needs additional citations for verification. 90009 90010 90011 Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 90011 90013 (June 2008) 90014 90015 90015 90017 90018 90019 90020 A 90008 metal lathe 90009 or 90008 metalworking lathe 90009 is a large class of lathes designed for precisely machining relatively hard materials.They were originally designed to machine metals; however, with the advent of plastics and other materials, and with their inherent versatility, they are used in a wide range of applications, and a broad range of materials. In machining jargon, where the larger context is already understood, they are usually simply called 90013 lathes 90014, or else referred to by more-specific subtype names (90013 toolroom lathe 90014, 90013 turret lathe 90014, etc.). These rigid machine tools remove material from a rotating workpiece via the (typically linear) movements of various cutting tools, such as tool bits and drill bits.90031 90032 Construction 90033 90020 The design of lathes can vary greatly depending on the intended application; however, basic features are common to most types. These machines consist of (at the least) a headstock, bed, carriage, and tailstock. Better machines are solidly constructed with broad bearing surfaces (90013 slides 90014 or 90013 ways 90014) for stability, and manufactured with great precision. This helps ensure the components manufactured on the machines can meet the required tolerances and repeatability.90031 90002 Headstock 90003 90020 Headstock with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the image 90031 90020 The 90008 headstock (h2) 90009 houses the main spindle 90008 (h5) 90009, speed change mechanism 90008 (h3, h4) 90009 , and change gears 90008 (h20) 90009. The headstock is required to be made as robust as possible due to the cutting forces involved, which can distort a lightly built housing, and induce harmonic vibrations that will transfer through to the workpiece, reducing the quality of the finished workpiece.90031 90020 The main spindle is generally hollow to allow long bars to extend through to the work area. This reduces preparation and waste of material. The spindle runs in precision bearings and is fitted with some means of attaching workholding devices such as chucks or faceplates. This end of the spindle usually also has an included taper, frequently a Morse taper, to allow the insertion of tapers and centers. On older machines the spindle was directly driven by a flat belt pulley with lower speeds available by manipulating the bull gear.Later machines use a gear box driven by a dedicated electric motor. A fully geared head allows the operator to select speeds entirely through the gearbox. 90031 90002 Bed 90003 90020 The 90008 bed 90009 is a robust base that connects to the headstock and permits the carriage and tailstock to be aligned parallel with the axis of the spindle. This is facilitated by hardened and ground 90008 ways 90009 which restrain the carriage and tailstock in a set track. The carriage travels by means of a rack and pinion system, leadscrew of accurate pitch, or feedscrew.90031 90020 Types of beds include inverted “V” beds, flat beds, and combination “V” and flat beds. “V” and combination beds are used for precision and light duty work, while flat beds are used for heavy duty work. 90065 [90013 citation needed 90014] 90068 90031 90020 When a lathe is installed, the first step is to 90013 level 90014 it, which refers to making sure the bed is not twisted or bowed. There is no need to make the machine exactly horizontal. However, a precision level (usually across the cross slide) can be a useful tool for identifying and removing twist.It is advisable also to use such a level along the bed to detect bending, in the case of a lathe with more than four mounting points. In both instances the level is used as a comparator rather than an absolute reference. 90031 90002 Feed and lead screws 90003 90020 The 90008 feedscrew (H8) 90009 is a long driveshaft that allows a series of gears to drive the carriage mechanisms. These gears are located in the 90008 apron 90009 of the carriage. Both the feedscrew and 90008 leadscrew (H7) 90009 are driven by either the 90008 change gears 90009 (on the quadrant) or an intermediate gearbox known as a 90008 quick change gearbox 90009 90008 (H6) 90009 or 90008 Norton gearbox 90009.These intermediate gears allow the correct ratio and direction to be set for cutting threads or worm gears. Tumbler gears (operated by 90008 H5 90009) are provided between the spindle and gear train along with a 90008 quadrant 90009 plate that enables a gear train of the correct ratio and direction to be introduced. This provides a constant relationship between the number of turns the spindle makes, to the number of turns the leadscrew makes. This ratio allows screwthreads to be cut on the workpiece without the aid of a die.90031 90020 Some lathes have only one leadscrew that serves all carriage-moving purposes. For screw cutting, a 90008 half nut 90009 is engaged to be driven by the leadscrew’s thread; and for general power feed, a key engages with a keyway cut into the leadscrew to drive a pinion along a rack that is mounted along the lathe bed. 90031 90020 The leadscrew will be manufactured to either imperial or metric standards and will require a conversion ratio to be introduced to create thread forms from a different family.To accurately convert from one thread form to the other requires a 127-tooth gear, or on lathes not large enough to mount one, an approximation may be used. Multiples of 3 and 7 giving a ratio of 63: 1 can be used to cut fairly loose threads. This conversion ratio is often built into the 90013 quick change gearboxes 90014. 90031 90020 The precise ratio required to convert a lathe with an Imperial (inch) leadscrew to metric (millimeter) threading is 100/127 = 0.7874 …. The best approximation with the fewest total teeth is very often 37/47 = 0.7872 …. This transposition gives a constant -0.020 percent error over all customary and model-maker’s metric pitches (0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50 , 3.00, 3.50, 4.00, 4.50, 5.00, 5.50 and 6.00mm). 90031 90002 Carriage 90003 90020 Carriage with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the image 90031 90020 In its simplest form the 90008 carriage 90009 holds the tool bit and moves it longitudinally (turning) or perpendicularly (facing) under the control of the operator.The operator moves the carriage manually via the 90013 handwheel 90014 90008 (5a) 90009 or automatically by engaging the feed shaft with the carriage feed mechanism 90008 (5c) 90009. This provides some relief for the operator as the movement of the carriage becomes power assisted. The handwheels 90008 (2a, 3b, 5a) 90009 on the carriage and its related slides are usually calibrated, both for ease of use and to assist in making reproducible cuts. The carriage typically comprises a top casting, known as the 90008 saddle (4) 90009, and a side casting, known as the 90008 apron (5) 90009.90031 90126 Cross-slide 90127 90020 The 90008 cross-slide 90009 90008 (3) 90009 rides on the carriage and has a feedscrew that travels perpendicular to the main spindle axis. This permits 90013 facing 90014 operations to be performed, and the depth of cut to be adjusted. This feedscrew can be engaged, through a gear train, to the feed shaft (mentioned previously) to provide automated ‘power feed’ movement to the cross-slide. On most lathes, only one direction can be engaged at a time as an interlock mechanism will shut out the second gear train.90031 90126 Compound rest 90127 90020 The 90008 compound rest 90009 (or 90008 top slide 90009) 90008 (2) 90009 is usually where the tool post is mounted. It provides a smaller amount of movement (less than the cross-slide) along its axis via another feedscrew. The compound rest axis can be adjusted independently of the carriage or cross-slide. It is used for turning tapers, to control depth of cut when screwcutting or precision facing, or to obtain finer feeds (under manual control) than the feed shaft permits.Usually, the compound rest has a protractor marked in its base 90008 (2b) 90009, enabling the operator to adjust its axis to precise angles. 90031 90020 The slide rest can be traced to the fifteenth century, and in the eighteenth century it was used on French ornamental turning lathes. The suite of gun boring mills at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, in the 1780s by the Verbruggan family also had slide rests. The story has long circulated that Henry Maudslay invented it, but he did not (and never claimed so).The legend that Maudslay invented the slide rest originated with James Nasmyth, who wrote ambiguously about it in his 90013 Remarks on the Introduction of the Slide Principle 90014, 1841; later writers misunderstood, and propagated the error. Maudslay did help to disseminate the idea widely. It is highly probable that he saw it when he was working at the Arsenal as a boy. In 1 794, whilst he was working for Joseph Bramah, he made one, and when he had his own workshop used it extensively in the lathes he made and sold there.Coupled with the network of engineers he trained, this ensured the slide rest became widely known and copied by other lathe makers, and so diffused throughout British engineering workshops. A practical and versatile screw-cutting lathe incorporating the trio of leadscrew, change gears, and slide rest was Maudslay’s most important achievement. 90031 90020 The first fully documented, all-metal slide rest lathe was invented by Jacques de Vaucanson around 1751. It was described in the Encyclopédie a long time before Maudslay invented and perfected his version.It is likely that Maudslay was not aware of Vaucanson’s work, since his first versions of the slide rest had many errors that were not present in the Vaucanson lathe. 90031 90126 Toolpost 90127 90020 The tool bit is mounted in the 90008 toolpost 90009 90008 (1) 90009 which may be of the American 90013 lantern 90014 style, traditional four-sided square style, or a quick-change style such as the multifix arrangement pictured . The advantage of a quick change set-up is to allow an unlimited number of tools to be used (up to the number of holders available) rather than being limited to one tool with the lantern style, or to four tools with the four-sided type.Interchangeable tool holders allow all tools to be preset to a 90013 center 90014 height that does not change, even if the holder is removed from the machine. 90031 90002 Tailstock 90003 90020 Tailstock with legend, numbers and text within the description refer to those in the image 90031 90020 The 90008 tailstock 90009 is a toolholder directly mounted on the spindle axis, opposite the headstock. The spindle 90008 (T5) 90009 does not rotate but does travel longitudinally under the action of a leadscrew and handwheel 90008 (T1) 90009.The spindle includes a taper to hold drill bits, centers and other tooling. The tailstock can be positioned along the bed and clamped 90008 (T6) 90009 in position as required. There is also provision to offset the tailstock 90008 (T4) 90009 from the spindles axis, this is useful for turning small tapers. 90031 90020 The image shows a reduction gear box 90008 (T2) 90009 between the handwheel and spindle, this is a feature found only in the larger center lathes, where large drills may necessitate the extra leverage.90031 90032 Types of metal lathes 90033 90020 There are many variants of lathes within the metalworking field. Some variations are not all that obvious, and others are more a niche area. For example, a 90008 centering lathe 90009 is a dual head machine where the work remains fixed and the heads move towards the workpiece and machine a center drill hole into each end. The resulting workpiece may then be used “between centers” in another operation.The usage of the term 90008 metal lathe 90009 may also be considered somewhat outdated these days, plastics and other composite materials are in wide use and with appropriate modifications, the same principles and techniques may be applied to their machining as that used for metal.90031 90002 Center lathe / engine lathe / bench lathe 90003 90020 Two-speed back gears in a cone-head lathe. 90031 90020 The terms 90008 center lathe 90009, 90008 engine lathe 90009, and 90008 bench lathe 90009 all refer to a basic type of lathe that may be considered the archetypical class of metalworking lathe most often used by the general machinist or machining hobbyist. The name 90013 bench lathe 90014 implies a version of this class small enough to be mounted on a workbench (but still full-featured, and larger than mini-lathes or micro-lathes).The construction of a center lathe is detailed above, but depending on the year of manufacture, size, price range, or desired features, even these lathes can vary widely between models. 90031 90020 90013 Engine lathe 90014 is the name applied to a traditional late-19th-century or 20th-century lathe with automatic feed to the cutting tool, as opposed to early lathes which were used with hand-held tools, or lathes with manual feed only. The usage of “engine” here is in the mechanical-device sense, not the prime-mover sense, as in the steam engines which were the standard industrial power source for many years.The works would have one large steam engine which would provide power to all the machines via a line shaft system of belts. Therefore early engine lathes were generally ‘cone heads’, in that the spindle usually had attached to it a multi-step pulley called a 90013 cone pulley 90014 designed to accept a flat belt. Different spindle speeds could be obtained by moving the flat belt to different steps on the cone pulley. Cone-head lathes usually had a countershaft (layshaft) on the back side of the cone which could be engaged to provide a lower set of speeds than was obtainable by direct belt drive.These gears were called 90013 back gears 90014. Larger lathes sometimes had two-speed back gears which could be shifted to provide a still lower set of speeds. 90031 90020 When electric motors started to become common in the early 20th century, many cone-head lathes were converted to electric power. At the same time the state of the art in gear and bearing practice was advancing to the point that manufacturers began to make fully geared headstocks, using gearboxes analogous to automobile transmissions to obtain various spindle speeds and feed rates while transmitting the higher amounts of power needed to take full advantage of high speed steel tools.90031 90020 The inexpensive availability of electronics has again changed the way speed control may be applied by allowing continuously variable motor speed from the maximum down to almost zero RPM. (This had been tried in the late 19th century but was not found satisfactory at the time. Subsequent improvements have made it viable again.) 90031 90002 Toolroom lathe 90003 90020 A toolroom lathe is a lathe optimized for toolroom work. It is essentially just a top-of-the-line center lathe, with all of the best optional features that may be omitted from less expensive models, such as a collet closer, taper attachment, and others.There has also been an implication over the years of selective assembly and extra fitting, with every care taken in the building of a toolroom model to make it the smoothest-running, most-accurate version of the machine that can be built. However, within one brand, the quality difference between a regular model and its corresponding toolroom model depends on the builder and in some cases has been partly marketing psychology. For name-brand machine tool builders who made only high-quality tools, there was not necessarily any lack of quality in the base-model product for the “luxury model” to improve upon.In other cases, especially when comparing different brands, the quality differential between (1) an entry-level center lathe built to compete on price, and (2) a toolroom lathe meant to compete only on quality and not on price, can be objectively demonstrated by measuring TIR, vibration, etc. In any case, because of their fully-ticked-off option list and (real or implied) higher quality, toolroom lathes are more expensive than entry-level center lathes. 90031 90002 Turret lathe and capstan lathe 90003 Main article: Turret lathe 90020 Turret lathes and capstan lathes are members of a class of lathes that are used for repetitive production of duplicate parts (which by the nature of their cutting process are usually interchangeable).It evolved from earlier lathes with the addition of the 90013 turret 90014, which is an indexable toolholder that allows multiple cutting operations to be performed, each with a different cutting tool, in easy, rapid succession, with no need for the operator to perform setup tasks in between (such as installing or uninstalling tools) nor to control the toolpath. (The latter is due to the toolpath’s being controlled by the machine, either in jig-like fashion [via the mechanical limits placed on it by the turret’s slide and stops] or via IT-directed servomechanisms [on CNC lathes].) 90031 90020 There is a tremendous variety of turret lathe and capstan lathe designs, reflecting the variety of work that they do. 90031 90002 Gang-tool lathe 90003 90020 A gang-tool lathe is one that has a row of tools set up on its cross-slide, which is long and flat and is similar to a milling machine table. The idea is essentially the same as with turret lathes: to set up multiple tools and then easily index between them for each part-cutting cycle. Instead of being rotary like a turret, the indexable tool group is linear.90031 90002 Multispindle lathe 90003 90020 90008 Multispindle lathes 90009 have more than one spindle and automated control (whether via cams or CNC). They are production machines specializing in high-volume production. The smaller types are usually called 90008 screw machines 90009, while the larger variants are usually called 90008 automatic chucking machines 90009, 90008 automatic chuckers 90009, or simply 90008 chuckers 90009. Screw machines usually work from bar stock, while chuckers automatically chuck up individual blanks from a magazine.Typical minimum profitable production lot size on a screw machine is in the thousands of parts due to the large setup time. Once set up, a screw machine can rapidly and efficiently produce thousands of parts on a continuous basis with high accuracy, low cycle time, and very little human intervention. (The latter two points drive down the unit cost per interchangeable part much lower than could be achieved without these machines.) 90031 90020 90008 Rotary transfer machines 90009 might also be included under the category of multispindle lathes, although they defy traditional classification.They are large, expensive, modular machine tools with many CNC axes that combine the capabilities of lathes, milling machines, and pallet changers. 90031 90002 CNC lathe / CNC turning center 90003 CNC lathe with milling capabilities 90020 An example turned 90008 vase 90009 and view of the tool turret 90031 90020 CNC lathes are rapidly replacing the older production lathes (multispindle, etc) due to their ease of setting and operation. They are designed to use modern carbide tooling and fully utilize modern processes.The part may be designed and the toolpaths programmed by the CAD / CAM process, and the resulting file uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialled the machine will continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of an operator. 90031 90020 The machine is controlled electronically via a computer menu style interface, the program may be modified and displayed at the machine, along with a simulated view of the process. The setter / operator needs a high level of skill to perform the process, however the knowledge base is broader compared to the older production machines where intimate knowledge of each machine was considered essential.These machines are often set and operated by the same person, where the operator will supervise a small number of machines (cell). 90031 90020 The design of a CNC lathe has evolved yet again however the basic principles and parts are still recognizable, the turret holds the tools and indexes them as needed. The machines are often totally enclosed, due in large part to Occupational health and safety (OH & S) issues. 90031 90020 With the advent of cheap computers, free operating systems such as Linux, and open source CNC software, the entry price of CNC machines has plummeted.For example, Sherline makes a desktop CNC lathe that is affordable by hobbyists. 90031 90002 Swiss-style lathe / Swiss turning center 90003 90020 For work requiring extreme accuracy (sometimes holding tolerances as small as a few tenths of a thousandth of an inch), a Swiss-style lathe is often used. A Swiss-style lathe holds the workpiece with both a collet and a guide bushing. The collet sits behind the guide bushing, and the tools sit in front of the guide bushing, holding stationary on the Z axis.To cut lengthwise along the part, the tools will move in and the material itself will move back and forth along the Z axis. This allows all the work to be done on the material near the guide bushing where it’s more rigid, making them ideal for working on slender workpieces as the part is held firmly with little chance of deflection or vibration occurring. 90031 90020 This style of lathe is also available with CNC controllers to further increase its versatility. 90031 90020 Most CNC Swiss-style lathes today utilize two spindles.The main spindle is used with the guide bushing for the main machining operations. The secondary spindle is located behind the part, aligned on the Z axis. In simple operation it picks up the part as it is cut off (aka parted off) and accepts it for second operations, then ejects it into a bin, eliminating the need to have an operator manually change each part, as is often the case with standard CNC turning centers. This makes them very efficient, as these machines are capable of fast cycle times, producing simple parts in one cycle (i.e. no need for a second machine to finish the part with second operations), in as little as 10-15 seconds. This makes them ideal for large production runs of small-diameter parts. 90031 90020 Additionally, as many swiss lathe’s incorporate a secondary spindle, or ‘sub-spindle’, they also incorporate ‘live tooling’. Live tools are rotary cutting tools that are powered by a small motor independently of the spindle motor (s). Live tools increase the intricacy of components that can be manufactured by the swiss lathe.For instance, automatically producing a part with a hole drilled perpendicular to the main axis (the axis of rotation of the spindles) is very economical with live tooling, and similarly uneconomical if done as a ‘secondary operation’ after machining by the swiss lathe is complete. A ‘Secondary operation’ is a machining operation requiring a partially completed part to be secured in a second machine to complete the manufacturing process. Generally, advanced CAD / CAM software utilizes live tools in addition to the main spindles so that most parts that can be drawn by a CAD system can actually be manufactured by the machines that the CAD / CAM software support.90031 90002 Combination lathe / 3-in-1 machine 90003 90020 A 90008 combination lathe 90009, often known as a 90008 3-in-1 machine 90009, introduces drilling or milling operations into the design of the lathe. These machines have a milling column rising up above the lathe bed, and they utilize the carriage and topslide as the X and Y axes for the milling column. The 90013 3-in-1 90014 name comes from the idea of ​​having a lathe, milling machine, and drill press all in one affordable machine tool.These are exclusive to the hobbyist and MRO markets, as they inevitably involve compromises in size, features, rigidity, and precision in order to remain affordable. Nevertheless, they meet the demand of their niche quite well, and are capable of high accuracy given enough time and skill. They may be found in smaller, non-machine-oriented businesses where the occasional small part must be machined, especially where the exacting tolerances of expensive toolroom machines, besides being unaffordable, would be overkill for the application anyway from an engineering perspective.90031 90002 Mini-lathe and micro-lathe 90003 90020 Mini-lathes and micro-lathes are miniature versions of a general-purpose center lathe (engine lathe). They typically have swings in the range of 3 “to 7” (70 mm to 170 mm) diameter (in other words, 1.5 “to 3.5” (30 mm to 80 mm) radius). They are small and affordable lathes for the home workshop or MRO shop. The same advantages and disadvantages apply to these machines as explained earlier regarding 3-in-1 machines. 90031 90020 As found elsewhere in English-language orthography, there is variation in the styling of the prefixes in these machines ‘names.They are alternately styled as 90008 mini lathe, minilathe, 90009 and 90008 minilathe 90009 and as 90008 micro lathe, microlathe, 90009 and 90008 microlathe 90009. 90031 90002 Wheel lathe 90003 90020 A lathe for turning the wheels of railway locomotives and rolling stock 90305 [1] 90068 90031 90002 Brake lathe 90003 90020 A lathe specialized for the task of resurfacing brake drums and discs in automotive or truck garages. 90031 90032 References 90033 90032 External links 90033 90020 bn: লেদ মেশিন 90031.